Is "Ulcers are caused by stress and spicy food" true?

Stress and spicy food took the blame for ulcers for decades, backed by nothing more than the fact that heartburn feels connected to a rough day. Doctors prescribed bland diets and calmer lifestyles accordingly, and patients mostly stayed sick anyway. Two Australian researchers went looking for a bacterial cause nobody in medicine wanted to entertain, and one of them famously drank a culture of it to prove his point. H. pylori, treatable with antibiotics, was the real culprit, and it eventually won them a Nobel Prize.

What you were taught

Ulcers are caused by stress and spicy food

What we know now

Most ulcers are actually caused by H. pylori bacteria infection, treatable with antibiotics.

Updated understanding emerged around 1994

Common questions

Was "Ulcers are caused by stress and spicy food" taught in school?
Yes — and not as a joke question on a quiz. This health claim showed up in textbooks, worksheets, and classroom posters through the 1970s, which is why so many people still remember it as settled fact long after the science moved on.
Is "Ulcers are caused by stress and spicy food" true?
No. Most ulcers are actually caused by H. pylori bacteria infection, treatable with antibiotics. If you want the primary citation, start with Nobel Prize - H. pylori Discovery.
When was this understanding updated?
The evidence had largely shifted by around 1994. Schools don't flip overnight, though — plenty of classrooms kept teaching the older version for years after researchers had already moved on.

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Data compiled from scientific literature and educational research